Plant regeneration from callus and explants of Sesbania spp.

Root, hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of Sesbania bispinosa, Sesbania cannabina, Sesbania formosa, and Sesbania sesban were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with benzyladenine (BA; 2.22, 4.44, 8.88 M) in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d; 2.26, 4.52, 9.05 M), indolebutyric acid (IBA; 0.25, 0.49, 4.92 M) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 2.69, 5.37, 10.74 M). Although all explant types developed some callus, callus occurred earliest and continued to grow fastest with hypocotyls. Media including 2.4-d or NAA gave the fastest growing callus. Callus was subcultured up to 10 times at 20-day intervals and retained a rapid growth rate. Shoots regenerated readily from both hypocotyls or cotyledons but not from roots. Shoot organogenesis was most frequent with IBA (0.25–4.92 M) in combination with BA (4.44–8.88 M) and did not occur with 2,4-d. With each species at least one medium induced shoot differentiation from more than 50 percent of the callus pieces. With one exception, media containing IBA that induced shoot organogenesis on explants also did so in callus, but media containing NAA, even when effective with explants, did not cause differentiation of callus. Shoots that differentiated were excised and cultured on MS medium without growth regulators or with IBA (2.46, 4.92, 9.84 M). Roots developed after 3–8 days on an appropriate rooting medium, often without IBA. Rooted plantlets were transplanted to pots in a greenhouse and developed into normal plants. Suitable media and protocols for initiating and subculturing callus and regenerating whole plants in vitro from callus and explants have thus been established for four species of Sesbania.     

RGDS肽对大鼠主动脉球囊内膜剥脱后血管壁增殖的影响

在大鼠主动脉球囊内膜剥脱术后血管壁细胞过度增殖模型上,用合成的血小板膜纤维蛋白原受体（ｇｌｙｃｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎⅡｂ／Ⅲａｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ,ＧＰⅡｂ／Ⅲａ）拮抗剂ＲＧＤＳ（Ａｒｇ－Ｇｌｙ－Ａｓｐ－Ｓｅｒ,５０μｍｏｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１）治疗可有效地抑制损伤血管壁的细胞计数增加和内膜增厚以及血管平滑肌细胞增殖,显著降低其血管组织３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ和３Ｈ－Ｌｅｕ的参入增加程度。实验结果提示ＲＧＤＳ肽作为血管成型术的辅佐剂,对于防治血管再狭窄可能具有潜在的临床应用前景。     

抗栓剂与葡萄糖经紫外线氧透照治疗缺血性脑血管病探讨〔附70例分组疗效对比分析〕

本研究以清栓酶、川芎嗪为抗栓剂加入葡萄糖中,经紫外线氧透照仪照射后输入静脉,治疗缺血性脑血管病,并与单用抗栓剂组作对照,进行疗效对比,结果发现抗栓剂加紫外线氧透照组的显效率显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明经紫外线氧透照后的葡萄糖作为载体,有分解出氧原子以提高血氧含量改善脑组织的缺氧状态,并有激活清栓酶和川芎嗪的效应。     

用人工神经网络方法估计Ligistic方程参数

本文提出Logistic方程参数优化估计的人工神经网络方法,并选取一组标样进行具体尝试。结果表明,用这种方法估计Logistic方程参数效果极好。     

醋酸钙复盐对微生物生长的影响

应用四醋酸钙对黑曲霉、黄曲霉、米曲霉、链格孢霉等霉菌和大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等细菌生长影响作了研究,并将四醋酸钙与醋酸钙、苯甲酸钠对上述微生物的生长抑制作用加以比较。0.4％四醋酸钙对上述细菌的生长有明显的抑制作用。对上述霉菌生长亦有一定的抑制作用。当其与苯甲酸钠协同使用时,能更明显地抑制微生物生长。实验结果表明四醋酸钙很可能是一种安全性高、成本低的新型食品防腐剂。     

地高辛标记反意RNA探针检测脑组织切片生长抑素mRNA

本实验采用含大鼠生长抑素基因的ｐＳＰ６５ｃＤＮＡ质位通过转化至噬菌体内大量扩增,经提取,纯化后,用限制性内切酶进行酶切使质枝线性化,并将其作为模板,用地高辛（ＤｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎＤｉｇ）作为标记物,体外转录合成生长抑素反意ＲＮＡ（ｃＲＮＡ）探针。实验动物选用ｗｉｓｔａｒ新生大鼠。冰冻切片,端、间脑切片经杂交前用Ｄｉｇ－ＵＴＰ标记的ｃＲＮＡ探针杂交,杂交后用抗Ｄｉｇ－碱性磷酸酶复合物进行酶联免疫反应。Ｘ－磷酸盐－ＮＢＴ显色。结果显示新生大鼠脑内生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ神经元着紫蓝色。杂交反应物集中于核周的胞浆及短小的突起内。胞核不着色。胞体轮廓清晰,周围背底浅淡。结果表明Ｄｉｇ标记ｃＲＮＡ探针不仅具备非同位素标记探针的优点而且能快速和准确检测组织细胞内ｍＲＮＡ的表达。     

Characterization of a strain of cerebral endothelial cells derived from goat brain which retain their differentiated traits after long-term passage

Summary A strain of cerebral endothelial cells was established from isolated cortical microvessels of caprine brain. These cells, which are referred to as ECl cells, can be routinely subcultured to 32 passages without the loss of differentiated morphologic and immunologic traits. The ability to routinely subculture ECl cells is an important asset, given that isolated cerebral endothelial cells in mammals generally lose their differentiated traits after only 2 to 3 passages. ECl cells were shown to contain Factor VIII-related antigen, which is a specific marker for cells of endothelial origin. ECl cells morphologically demonstrated a scarcity of pinocytotic vesicles on their apical surfaces, a lack of trans-cytoplasmic vesicles, and the ability to form in culture confluent monolayers with tight junctional complexes. Therefore, ECl cells possess specific antigenic and ultrastructural features which classify them as being small vessel endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier type. Cytogenetic evaluation of ECl cells demonstrated a normal female goat 60,XX karyotype and confirmed the apparent non-transformed nature of ECl cells due to the lack of chromosome abnormalities or rearrangements. Using scanning electron microscopy, ECl cells were also shown to form confluent monolayers on mixed nitrocellulose filters, a feature that will enable the development of an in vitro system to study trans-endothelial transport. Given that ECl cells are readily subcultured and grow well on nitrocellulose filters, and that they resemble cerebral endothelium in vivo, it seems evident that ECl cells can be used as a versatile model for the study of blood-brain barrier function, regulation, and pathology.     

Condition for the appearance of the metastable P beta' phase in fully hydrated phosphatidylcholines as studied by small-angle x-ray diffraction.

In the ripple phase of fully hydrated multilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), two kinds of small-angle x-ray diffraction profiles are observed on cooling through the main transition. One is a seemingly normal profile similar to that observed on heating and the other is the superposition of the diffraction profiles for the primary (normal) and the secondary ripple structures. We found that the profile obtained depended on the cooling rate. Increasing the cooling rate from 0.1 degrees C/min to 1 degrees C/min caused the peaks originating from the secondary ripple structure to diminish. After a cooling scan at 43 degrees C/min, the profile became similar to that of the normal ripple structure, although a trace of the secondary ripple structure remains. The results are interpreted in terms of the rise and fall of three-dimensional correlated domains composed of both primary and secondary ripple structures. At slow cooling rates, correlated domains of both kinds of ripple structures develop. As the cooling rate is increased, the domain of the primary ripple structure remains correlated, while that of the secondary ripple structure becomes less correlated. In addition, the multipeak profile appears even at rapid cooling rates, if the final low temperature lies just below the Tm for the main transition. This results suggests that formation of the correlated domains of the secondary ripple structure requires a certain time interval during which the DPPC vesicles experience the temperature just below the main transition. The secondary ripple structure takes place in phosphatidylcholines having more than 15 carbons in each hydrocarbon chain upon cooling through the main transition.     

How drought events during the last century have impacted biomass carbon in Amazonian rainforests

During the last two decades, inventory data show that droughts have reduced biomass carbon sink of the Amazon forest by causing mortality to exceed growth. However, process-based models have struggled to include drought-induced responses of growth and mortality and have not been evaluated against plot data. A process-based model, ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA, including forest demography with tree cohorts, plant hydraulic architecture and drought-induced tree mortality, was applied over Amazonia rainforests forced by gridded climate fields and rising CO₂ from 1901 to 2019. The model reproduced the decelerating signal of net carbon sink and drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed at forest plots across selected Amazon intact forests for 2005 and 2010. We predicted a larger mortality rate and a more negative sensitivity of the net carbon sink during the 2015/16 El Niño compared with the former droughts. 2015/16 was indeed the most severe drought since 1901 regarding both AGB loss and area experiencing a severe carbon loss. We found that even if climate change did increase mortality, elevated CO₂ contributed to balance the biomass mortality, since CO₂-induced stomatal closure reduces transpiration, thus, offsets increased transpiration from CO₂-induced higher foliage area.     

Damage to living trees contributes to almost half of the biomass losses in tropical forests

Accurate estimates of forest biomass stocks and fluxes are needed to quantify global carbon budgets and assess the response of forests to climate change. However, most forest inventories consider tree mortality as the only aboveground biomass (AGB) loss without accounting for losses via damage to living trees: branchfall, trunk breakage, and wood decay. Here, we use ~151,000 annual records of tree survival and structural completeness to compare AGB loss via damage to living trees to total AGB loss (mortality + damage) in seven tropical forests widely distributed across environmental conditions. We find that 42% (3.62 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.36–5.25) of total AGB loss (8.72 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹; CI 5.57–12.86) is due to damage to living trees. Total AGB loss was highly variable among forests, but these differences were mainly caused by site variability in damage-related AGB losses rather than by mortality-related AGB losses. We show that conventional forest inventories overestimate stand-level AGB stocks by 4% (1%–17% range across forests) because assume structurally complete trees, underestimate total AGB loss by 29% (6%–57% range across forests) due to overlooked damage-related AGB losses, and overestimate AGB loss via mortality by 22% (7%–80% range across forests) because of the assumption that trees are undamaged before dying. Our results indicate that forest carbon fluxes are higher than previously thought. Damage on living trees is an underappreciated component of the forest carbon cycle that is likely to become even more important as the frequency and severity of forest disturbances increase.